About the US Dollar (USD)
The US Dollar is the official currency of United States, adopted as the U.S. national currency in 1792. Its ISO 4217 code is USD and it uses the symbol $. The USD is managed by the Federal Reserve (the Fed).
The U.S. Dollar is the world's primary reserve currency, accounting for roughly 58% of global foreign exchange reserves according to the IMF. It serves as the settlement currency for international commodities including oil, gold, and most traded goods.
USD Key Facts
| Property | Detail |
|---|---|
| Full Name | US Dollar |
| ISO 4217 Code | USD |
| Symbol | $ |
| Country / Territory | United States |
| Continent | North America |
| Decimal Places | 2 |
| Central Bank | the Federal Reserve (the Fed) |
USD History and Background
The US Dollar (USD) was adopted as the U.S. national currency in 1792. the Federal Reserve (the Fed), the institution responsible for monetary policy in United States, has maintained the USD's role as legal tender through successive economic cycles, adjusting interest rates and reserve requirements to manage inflation and support growth. The USD is one of the world's actively traded currencies, participating in the global forex market that the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) 2022 Triennial Survey measured at $7.5 trillion in average daily turnover.
Central bank policy decisions are the most direct tool the Federal Reserve (the Fed) uses to influence the USD's exchange rate. Interest rate announcements, inflation reports (particularly consumer price index data), and GDP growth figures from United States are the primary data releases watched by currency traders. When the Federal Reserve (the Fed) raises rates above comparable economies, the USD tends to attract capital seeking higher yield, and vice versa when rates fall.
USD Denominations
The US Dollar is subdivided into 100 smaller units (2 decimal places). the Federal Reserve (the Fed) issues the USD in a range of note denominations for everyday and large-value transactions, plus coins for smaller amounts.
Physical USD banknotes and coins serve as legal tender within United States. For international transactions and cross-border transfers, electronic exchange is available around the clock through forex markets, banks, and specialist services like Wise, OFX, and Revolut.
When traveling to United States, the best exchange rates are typically obtained by using a no-fee debit card at a local ATM rather than airport currency exchange counters, which often charge premiums of 5–8% above the mid-market reference rate.
Is the USD Pegged to the Dollar?
The US Dollar is a freely floating currency. Its exchange rate is determined by market supply and demand in global foreign exchange markets. the Federal Reserve (the Fed) influences the rate indirectly through monetary policy decisions, primarily interest rate settings, rather than by fixing or pegging the rate to another currency. Some central banks do intervene occasionally to limit extreme volatility, but the USD rate is not administratively set.
USD Economic Context and Global Role
As one of the world's major traded currencies, USD participates in the global foreign exchange market, which the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) 2022 Triennial Survey measured at $7.5 trillion in average daily turnover. The USD is quoted against most major world currencies around the clock from Sunday evening (New Zealand open) through Friday afternoon (New York close), with peak liquidity during the London trading session (08:00–17:00 GMT), which accounts for roughly 38% of total global forex volume.
USD Exchange Rate Factors
the Federal Reserve (the Fed) decisions are the single most powerful near-term driver of the USD exchange rate, but four structural forces shape the currency's value over time.
Monetary Policy. the Federal Reserve (the Fed) sets interest rates to manage inflation and support economic growth. When United States raises interest rates relative to other countries, the USD tends to strengthen as investors seek higher returns. Rate cuts or expectations of easing typically weaken the currency. Markets price in expected rate changes months in advance, so central bank communication and meeting minutes can move the USD significantly even before any actual rate change.
Inflation and Purchasing Power. A country with higher inflation than its trading partners sees its real exchange rate erode over time, even if the nominal rate is stable. the Federal Reserve (the Fed)'s primary mandate typically includes maintaining price stability, usually targeting annual inflation in the 2–3% range depending on the jurisdiction. When inflation significantly exceeds this target, the currency tends to weaken as the market anticipates either rate hikes or erosion of purchasing power.
Trade and Current Account Balance. United States's trade with the world creates supply and demand for the USD. Exporters sell foreign currency to repatriate revenue, supporting the USD. Importers buy foreign currency to pay overseas suppliers, which weakens it. A structural current account surplus, more exports than imports, generally supports a currency over time, while a deficit puts pressure on it.
Risk Sentiment and Capital Flows. As an internationally traded currency, the USD is subject to global capital flows. During periods of global uncertainty, investors may move capital toward perceived safe-haven currencies (primarily USD, CHF, and JPY), which can weigh on higher-yielding or commodity-linked currencies.
USD Volatility and Risk Profile
Currency volatility measures how much an exchange rate fluctuates over a given period. Annualized volatility, the standard deviation of daily log returns multiplied by the square root of 252 trading days, is the standard metric used by options traders and risk managers.
Major currencies like the USD typically exhibit moderate volatility of 5–15% annualized under normal market conditions. Volatility spikes during major data releases (GDP, CPI, employment reports), central bank policy announcements, and geopolitical events. The USD's volatility can be tracked in the 30-day statistics table at the top of each pair page on LiveRates.io.
For travelers, short-term volatility means the exchange rate you see today may differ meaningfully from the rate available next week. For businesses with ongoing cross-border transactions, currency risk management tools such as forward contracts or options can hedge against adverse USD movements.
Sending Money to or from United States
For international transfers involving USD, the choice of provider significantly affects the final amount received. The rate shown on LiveRates.io is the mid-market reference rate, the interbank benchmark before any provider markup. Here is a comparison of typical costs:
| Provider Type | Typical Rate Margin | Transfer Fee |
|---|---|---|
| High street bank | 2–4% above mid-market | $10–$40 fixed |
| Airport / hotel exchange | 5–15% above mid-market | Usually none |
| Specialist service (Wise, OFX) | 0.3–1.5% above mid-market | Small fixed or percentage fee |
| Debit card abroad (ATM withdrawal) | 0–2% (network rate) | ATM fee may apply |
For transfers above $1,000, using a specialist service rather than a traditional bank typically saves $20–$80 per transaction. Transfers above $10,000 may qualify for preferential rates through dedicated FX brokers.
Key tip: Compare the total cost including the exchange rate margin and any fixed fees, not just the headline rate. A service advertising zero fees may embed a larger spread in its exchange rate.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the ISO code for the US Dollar?
The ISO 4217 code for the US Dollar is USD. This three-letter code is used by banks, financial institutions, payment systems, and forex platforms worldwide to identify the currency in transactions and data feeds.
Which country uses the US Dollar?
The US Dollar is the official currency of United States in North America. It is also widely used in international trade, investment, and financial transactions beyond United States's borders.
Who controls the USD exchange rate?
the Federal Reserve (the Fed) manages monetary policy and influences the USD exchange rate through interest rate decisions and, in some cases, direct market intervention.
What is the USD symbol?
The official currency symbol for the US Dollar is $. The ISO 4217 code USD is used in international financial contexts, forex trading platforms, and cross-border payment systems.
How do I convert USD to USD?
To convert USD to U.S. Dollars, use the live converter on LiveRates.io. The exchange rate updates hourly using European Central Bank reference data. You can also view the USD to USD pair page for a full conversion table, 30-day chart, and historical rate data.
Is the USD a strong currency?
Currency strength is relative and changes daily based on economic conditions. The best measure is the current exchange rate versus major currencies like USD, EUR, and GBP, which you can find in the rate table at the top of this page. The US Dollar reflects United States's economic fundamentals including its significant role in global currency markets, influenced by trade flows, interest rate policy, and investor sentiment.
What is the USD to USD exchange rate today?
The current USD to USD exchange rate is available at the top of this page and is updated hourly. You can view the full USD/USD pair page for a live rate, 30-day chart, volatility statistics, and conversion table.
What is the USD to EUR exchange rate today?
The current USD to EUR exchange rate is available on the USD/EUR pair page. Rates are sourced from the European Central Bank and updated every hour.
How has the USD performed this year?
Year-to-date performance data for the USD against major currencies is available on the historical rate pages. Navigate to a specific pair page (such as USD/USD) and click the historical rates section to view annual highs, lows, and year-over-year changes.
Is the USD accepted outside of United States?
The US Dollar is widely recognized and accepted in international banking, trade finance, and foreign exchange markets. Major airports, hotels, and financial institutions in most countries can facilitate USD exchange.